Introduction – A Leader Who Carries the Nation’s Spirit
In the history of Azerbaijan, there are figures whose names belong not only to the past but also to the future. Mammad Amin Rasulzade is one such figure. He was not just a politician, writer, and publicist—he was a leader who shaped the idea of a nation, awakened the spirit of freedom, and became a symbol of statehood.
“One Flag Raised Once Will Never Fall Again!”—this phrase embodies Rasulzade’s political ideology, national spirit, and life mission.
I. Early Life and Enlightenment Activities
Date of birth: 31 January 1884
Place of birth: Novkhany village, Baku region, Azerbaijan
Born into a religious family, Rasulzade was introduced at an early age to ideas of enlightenment, national awakening, and modernization. He mastered Arabic, Persian, and Russian—skills that allowed him to deeply understand global intellectual movements.
In the early 20th century, his first writings appeared in Azerbaijani publications like Irshad, Tərəqqi, and Füyuzat, where he strove to educate the public.
II. The First Muslim Democratic Republic
On 28 May 1918, under Rasulzade’s leadership, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) was proclaimed—the first democratic, legal, and parliamentary republic in the Muslim East.
Key achievements of the republic included:
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Granting women the right to vote—before many European nations
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Ensuring freedom of education and press
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Establishing a parliament and multiparty system
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Building an army, diplomatic relations, and state institutions in a short time
Though it lasted only 23 months, the ADR left an indelible mark in history.
III. Political Ideology and National Consciousness
Rasulzade’s political vision harmonized Turkism, Islamism, and Modernism. He believed that the nation should preserve its identity while evolving into a secular, modern society.
His core principles included:
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National unity and statehood
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Educating a literate generation
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Freedom of speech and thought
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Rule of law
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Equality of rights for all citizens
IV. Soviet Occupation and Life in Exile
On 28 April 1920, Soviet forces occupied Azerbaijan, overthrowing the ADR. Rasulzade was arrested, later released, and then forcibly taken to Russia by orders of Lenin. He escaped to Europe and lived in exile for the rest of his life.
During his exile, he:
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Resided in Istanbul, Berlin, Warsaw, and Rome
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Helped establish the Azerbaijani diaspora
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Continued his activism through journals like Yeni Kafkasya, Odlu Yurd, and Azərbaycan
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Maintained close ties with the Turkic world
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Advocated for Azerbaijan’s independence on international platforms
V. Writer and Ideologue
Rasulzade was not just a political leader; he was also a prolific writer and ideologue whose works remain relevant today. His notable publications include:
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The Birth of the Republic of Azerbaijan
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The National Movement of Azerbaijan
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Contemporary Azerbaijan
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Panturanism and Bolshevism
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For Independence
These works clearly convey the spirit of national struggle, freedom ideals, and love for the homeland.
VI. Cultural Legacy and Philosophical Views
Rasulzade’s philosophy emphasized tolerance, freedom, and national awakening. He advocated both modernizing Islamic thought and integrating European values in a way that honored the spirit of his people.
He famously said:
“Man is born free. That freedom is also the right of nations.”
VII. Final Years and Legacy
Rasulzade passed away in 1955 in Ankara, Turkey. His struggle continued after his death; his grave in Ankara became a place of pilgrimage for Azerbaijanis.
He said:
“One day the Azerbaijani people will be free again. That day will be my holiday!”
Indeed, in 1991, Azerbaijan regained independence, and Rasulzade’s spirit began to live anew.
VIII. A Legacy of Pride, Honor, and Inspiration
Today, Mammad Amin Rasulzade is:
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Officially recognized as the founder of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
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Immortalized on national currency, and his name graces streets, schools, and universities
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A source of inspiration for anyone who believes in independence and progress
Conclusion – A Leader Who Rekindles the Spirit
Mammad Amin Rasulzade devoted his life to his nation. His ideals live not just in a flag, but in the hearts, history, and future of Azerbaijan.
When we look upon his portrait, we see not merely a historical figure, but a leader carrying the soul of a nation.